METROPOLITAN TEODOSIJE VISITS THE MONASTERY AND SEMINARY OF ST. TIKHON IN PENNSYLVANIA
Following his participation in the solemn celebration of the Feast of the Transfiguration of the Lord at the Monastery of the Holy Transfiguration in Milton, Canada, where, at the fraternal invitation of His Eminence Archbishop Mitrofan of Toronto and Metropolitan of Canada, he presided at the Divine Liturgy, His Eminence Metropolitan Teodosije of Raška-Prizren continued his visit to Orthodox holy sites in North America. The Metropolitan was accompanied by Archimandrite Andrej, Abbot of the Monastery of Crna Reka.
During their stay in the United States, Metropolitan Teodosije and Archimandrite Andrej visited the Monastery of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk and St. Tikhon’s Orthodox Theological Seminary in South Canaan, Pennsylvania. At the Seminary, they were warmly received by His Eminence Archbishop Michael of New York and New Jersey, Rector of the Seminary, and Protopresbyter John Parker, Dean of this important Orthodox theological institution. The meeting took place in a fraternal atmosphere, marked by the shared Orthodox faith and the spiritual bonds that unite the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church in America.
The hosts were particularly pleased by the fact that Metropolitan Teodosije was the first visitor to sign the Seminary’s new guestbook. The hosts opened this guestbook following a recent pilgrimage to Serbia, during which they became acquainted with the beautiful tradition of guests visiting church institutions and holy sites leaving a written record of their visit, their prayerful impressions, and their fraternal gratitude.
The guests then visited a special memorial room, which the hosts call the Shrine of St. Bishop Nicholai. It is located in the room where St. Nicholai of Ohrid and Ε½iΔa spent the final years of his earthly life and where he reposed in the Lord in 1956. St. Bishop Nikolaj first served at the Seminary as a professor and later as its rector, leaving a deep and indelible mark on the life of Orthodox Christians in America.
For Metropolitan Teodosije and Archimandrite Andrej, this visit held particular spiritual significance, as they found themselves in a place sanctified by the prayers and final earthly days of one of the greatest saints and spiritual teachers of the Serbian people. St. Bishop Nicholai remains to this day one of the deepest spiritual links between the Serbian Orthodox Church and Orthodox believers in America, among whom his writings, sermons, and saintly example are held in great esteem.
At the monastery cemetery, the guests also visited the grave of Protopresbyter Alexander Schmemann, a distinguished Orthodox theologian and liturgist and longtime Dean of St. Vladimir’s Seminary. Metropolitan Teodosije and Archimandrite Andrej prayed at his grave, remembering his great contribution to Orthodox theology and to the witness of the Church’s Eucharistic life in the contemporary world.
The Monastery of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk, founded in 1905 with the blessing of St. Tikhon, who at the time was the Orthodox hierarch in North America and later became Patriarch of Moscow, is the oldest Orthodox monastery in North America. From its founding to the present day, this holy monastery has been an important center of prayer, monastic life, theological education, and Orthodox missionary work.
Metropolitan Teodosije and Archimandrite Andrej met with the monastery’s abbot, Archimandrite Sergius, and the monastic brotherhood, which today numbers twenty monks. It is particularly noteworthy that, with the exception of two of them, all the members of the brotherhood embraced Orthodoxy later in life. Their monastic journey is a living testimony to the missionary strength of the Orthodox Church in America and to modern man’s deep spiritual thirst for an authentic life in Christ.
A particularly moving moment of the visit was the meeting with Archimandrite Nektarios Serfes, a longtime and devoted friend of the Monastery of Visoki DeΔani, the Diocese of Raška-Prizren, and the Serbian people in Kosovo and Metohija.
Today, Father Nektarios is cared for with great attention and fraternal love by the monks of the Monastery of St. Tikhon, under the leadership of Abbot Sergius. In 1998, Father Nektarios founded a fund to assist the Monastery of Visoki DeΔani, through which valuable aid was collected and delivered for nearly three decades to people in need in Kosovo and Metohija.
Through his love, perseverance, and selfless efforts, assistance reached poor families, children, the elderly, the sick, schools, soup kitchens, monastic communities, and all those who needed it most. Funds raised in America were distributed through the brotherhood of the Monastery of Visoki DeΔani, which provided direct assistance to vulnerable families and communities throughout Kosovo and Metohija.
Metropolitan Teodosije conveyed to Father Nektarios the profound gratitude of the Diocese of Raška-Prizren, the brotherhood of Visoki DeΔani, and the many families whom he has supported over the past decades—not only with material assistance, but also with encouragement, hope, and the assurance that they had not been forgotten.
His active Christian love has left a lasting mark on the lives of many people, especially children and the most vulnerable families in Serbian communities in Kosovo and Metohija.
The visit to the Monastery and Seminary of St. Tikhon reaffirmed the deep spiritual bonds between Orthodox Christians in Serbia and America—bonds sanctified by the prayerful presence of St. Bishop Nicholai, the theological legacy of Father Alexander Schmemann, the missionary labors of the monastic brotherhood, and the active Christian love of Father Nektarios Serfes.
Metropolitan Teodosije thanked his hosts for their warm welcome and fraternal love, expressing his hope that the Monastery and Seminary of St. Tikhon would continue to be a place of prayer, spiritual transformation, theological education, and encounters with the living Christ.
A shared desire was also expressed for the fraternal ties and cooperation between the Diocese of Raška-Prizren, the Monastery of Visoki DeΔani, and Orthodox ecclesiastical institutions in America to continue and deepen further, for the good of the Holy Church and its spiritual mission in the world.
Source: Diocese of Raška-Prizren
ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠ£ Π‘ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π’ΠΠ₯ΠΠΠ Π£ ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π³ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠΈΠ»ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Ρ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ² ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π³. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π³. Π’Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π¦ΡΠ½Π° Π Π΅ΠΊΠ°.
Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π’Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ Π‘Π°ΡΡ ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π½Ρ, Ρ ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ. Π£ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π³. ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅Ρ, Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅. Π‘ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Ρ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΡΡΡ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΡ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Ρ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Ρ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Ρ Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π’Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ²Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ³Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ° Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½-ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΡ ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ 1956. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π²Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠΎ Ρ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π³ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π’Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π°Π½ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ Π²Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ΄ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π‘ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° Π¨ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π³ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½Π° ΠΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π’Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅Π²Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ 1905. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π°, ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π’Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Π°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π·Π° Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΡ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ° Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΈ. Π ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΠΆΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ 1998. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ Π€ΠΎΠ½Π΄ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈ, ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°, Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ°, Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π’Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅, Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ, Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π½Π°Π΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΠ½Π° Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ±Π°Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π²Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ, Π²Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠ°, Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° Π¨ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π‘Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π’Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π’ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅, Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π¦ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ.
ΠΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ: ΠΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠ°
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